What Did the Leaders of the Reformation Want to Form Again Name of the City Produced Dante
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.
In northern and primal Europe, reformers similar Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry Eight challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's power to define Christian exercise. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Cosmic Church building'due south delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.
Dating the Reformation
Historians unremarkably date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther's "95 Theses." Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Deutschland, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should exist the sole source of spiritual authority—were non themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing printing to give their ideas a broad audience.
The Reformation: Germany and Lutheranism
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his "95 Theses," which protested the pope'south auction of reprieves from penance, or indulgences. Although he had hoped to spur renewal from within the church building, in 1521 he was summoned before the Diet of Worms and excommunicated.
Sheltered by Friedrich, elector of Saxony, Luther translated the Bible into German language and continued his output of vernacular pamphlets. When German peasants, inspired in part by Luther's empowering "priesthood of all believers," revolted in 1524, Luther sided with Germany'south princes. Past the Reformation's stop, Lutheranism had go the state faith throughout much of Federal republic of germany, Scandinavia and the Baltics.
The Reformation: Switzerland and Calvinism
The Swiss Reformation began in 1519 with the sermons of Ulrich Zwingli, whose teachings largely paralleled Luther'due south. In 1541 John Calvin, a French Protestant who had spent the previous decade in exile writing his "Institutes of the Christian Faith," was invited to settle in Geneva and put his Reformed doctrine—which stressed God's ability and humanity's predestined fate—into practice. The event was a theocratic regime of enforced, austere morality.
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Calvin's Geneva became a hotbed for Protestant exiles, and his doctrines quickly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the Low Countries, where Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economical strength for the next 400 years.
The Reformation: England and the "Center Manner"
In England, the Reformation began with Henry VIII's quest for a male person heir. When Pope Clement VII refused to counteract Henry'south marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could remarry, the English king declared in 1534 that he alone should be the final dominance in matters relating to the English language church. Henry dissolved England's monasteries to confiscate their wealth and worked to place the Bible in the hands of the people. Beginning in 1536, every parish was required to take a copy.
After Henry'due south decease, England tilted toward Calvinist-infused Protestantism during Edward Vi'south half dozen-yr reign and then endured five years of reactionary Catholicism under Mary I. In 1559 Elizabeth I took the throne and, during her 44-yr reign, cast the Church of England as a "middle mode" between Calvinism and Catholicism, with colloquial worship and a revised Volume of Common Prayer.
The Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church was slow to respond systematically to the theological and publicity innovations of Luther and the other reformers. The Council of Trent, which met off and on from 1545 through 1563, articulated the Church building's answer to the problems that triggered the Reformation and to the reformers themselves.
The Catholic Church building of the Counter-Reformation era grew more spiritual, more literate and more educated. New religious orders, notably the Jesuits, combined rigorous spirituality with a globally minded intellectualism, while mystics such every bit Teresa of Avila injected new passion into the older orders. Inquisitions, both in Spain and in Rome, were reorganized to fight the threat of Protestant heresy.
The Reformation's Legacy
Along with the religious consequences of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation came deep and lasting political changes. Northern Europe's new religious and political freedoms came at a swell cost, with decades of rebellions, wars and bloody persecutions. The Thirty Years' War alone may accept cost Federal republic of germany xl pct of its population.
But the Reformation'southward positive repercussions tin can exist seen in the intellectual and cultural flourishing it inspired on all sides of the schism—in the strengthened universities of Europe, the Lutheran church music of J.Southward. Bach, the baroque altarpieces of Pieter Paul Rubens and even the capitalism of Dutch Calvinist merchants.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/reformation